SAN FRANCISCO - Five years ago, Justin Edmund arrived at Carnegie Mellon University, a floppy-haired freshman, with artistic talent and dreams of joining a venerable design firm like IDEO or Frog. But during his sophomore year, a recruiting pitch from a Facebook employee turned his head, and prompted a detour of his ambitions.

"It didn't even occur to me that working at a tech company was something I could do," Edmund said. "I switched my trajectory completely."

So, in 2010, Edmund interned on Facebook's burgeoning design team, and, after graduation, landed a job at Pinterest. There, at just 21, he has played a central role in building the virtual scrap-booking site into one of the hottest startups on the Internet.

Edmund isn't alone. Inspired by the legacy of Steve Jobs and lured by the promise of the current tech boom, young designers are flocking to Silicon Valley, where they're shaking up a scene long dominated by engineers and programmers.

The new breed of "user experience" designers - part sketch artist, part programmer, with a dash of behavioral scientist thrown in - are some of the most sought-after employees in technology. Entry-level interactive designers at startups are commanding salaries easily topping $80,000, almost twice the median pay for primarily print designers of about $45,000, according to a recent survey by the American Institute of Graphic Arts.

IN-HOUSE TALENT

Top venture capital firms, from Google Ventures to Andreessen Horowitz, are hiring in-house designers to help the young startups in their portfolios. One angel investor has even established a Designer Fund to identify startups driven by design talent.

To feed demand, new digital design programs have sprouted over the past two years, at both elite engineering universities such as Stanford, and art schools like the California College of the Arts. The School of Visual Arts in New York has seen applications for its digital design program soar by 43 percent since its inception in 2009.

Indeed, the flourishing of digital design reflects the Valley's evolution, entrepreneurs and investors say.

In the latest generation of innovation, heavily concentrated in applications for mobile devices and social networks, and relying on ever-cheaper cloud-computing services, success depends not on whiz-bang technology, but rather, on a subtle sense of how to make features useful and engaging.

The most recent example is Instagram, the slick photo-sharing app that was snapped up by Facebook earlier this week for $1 billion. The 12-person company's founding duo includes Kevin Systrom, who majored in Management Science and Engineering at Stanford, and Mike Krieger, who describes his background as "Human-Computer Interaction and User Experience."

"There's a growing recognition that it's critical for a company's first employees to be people with great design sense," said Eric Feng, founder of Hulu and Erly, an evite- and photo-sharing company, and a former partner at venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caulfield and Byers. "That's true even if you look at larger companies like Google and Facebook, who have moved in that direction."

To be sure, engineers still occupy a rarefied perch at the top of the Silicon Valley hierarchy, and are the target of the fiercest recruiting battles.

VISUAL APPEAL

But even Facebook, famous for a culture that glorifies the "hacker way," now talks of integrating "design thinking" into its products and has steadily beefed up its design studio.

From her team's brightly-colored studio in Facebook's Menlo Park offices, design chief Kate Aronowitz dispatches designers who are paired with an engineer, a product manager and sometimes a researcher to conceive new products or improve features such as user profiles or messages.

The embrace of design starts at the top with CEO Mark Zuckerberg, who has stressed the importance of building a crack design team, Aronowitz said.

In a highly competitive recruiting climate, it's not uncommon for even Facebook to encounter top design talent playing hard to get. For the toughest cases, Aronowitz plays her trump card: She asks Zuckerberg to place a personal phone call.

"When they're not returning my email, that tends to work," said Aronowitz, who herself was poached by Zuckerberg from LinkedIn in 2009. "I'm lucky to have that in my back pocket."

The spotlight fell squarely on the design team last November, when Facebook credited Nicholas Felton, one of its data-visualization experts, with conceiving the Timeline interface which has become one of Facebook's most significant overhauls in recent years.

For fledgling startups, it's even more critical to understand how design affects user behavior, said Dave McClure, an angel investor who cited the example of Mint, an online tool for managing personal finances acquired by Intuit in 2009.

Jason Putorti, the startup's designer founder, lent the Mint interface "much more warmth," which was crucial for a startup that dealt with sensitive information, McClure said. Design, he added, "made the app feel trustworthy, comforting, functional."

Last year, McClure put down money to create the Designer Fund, a program that identifies entrepreneurs with strong design backgrounds and offers seed money and mentoring from experienced founders like Putorti and Chad Hurley, of Youtube. The fund, headed by Enrique Allen, a 25-year old graduate of Stanford's design school, has partnered with more established venture investment firms like Khosla Ventures, Andreessen Horowitz and Kleiner Perkins.

"We're reshaping a lot of how you build a company," McClure said. But, he added, "there's still a resource and talent shortage" for interaction designers.

SCOUTING FOR ARTISTS

Finding exceptional design talent, though, is not a simple matter. Last year, Kalvin Wang, the co-founder of Ridejoy, a service that arranges carpools, said he spent several "incredibly hard" months recruiting an interaction designer.

Dirk Cleveland of Riviera Partners, a Silicon Valley headhunting firm, said startups have trouble finding a design "unicorn" - the rare designer with the interactive digital skills that many app startups require.

"It's literally the toughest position to fill right now," Cleveland said. "That equation of supply and demand is out of balance. Engineering education has progressed, and startups have learned to do more with limited resources, but I don't think that's the case for design."

Even though he sifted through 150 resumes, Wang said, "There are so many startups and so many tech companies that are snapping them up. It's slightly ridiculous."

Ridejoy interviewed candidates from Toronto, New York and the Midwest, and ultimately hired a Parsons School of Design graduate living in Omaha.

"You do really have to look outside Silicon Valley," Wang said. "For Bay Area designers, they have literally hundreds of options and they're going to work at a place where they know people, or a big name like Google."

The sizzling job market hasn't escaped the notice of design schools across the country.

Liz Danzico, founding director of the School of Visual Arts' masters program in Interaction Design, said the original goal was simply to understand where the new innovation economy field was going. "Experience is now the material, not ceramic or plastic," she said.

Still, Danzico expected most graduates to stay in New York - the traditional hotbed of design. She was "really surprised" to find, in a survey of her first graduating class, that almost half ended up on the West Coast at companies including Apple, Facebook, Twitter and Yelp.

Meanwhile, at Carnegie Mellon, Kelly Lau-Kee, a junior industrial design major, said "there's huge buzz generated by the students, the employers, even the professors" about the prospect of work in Silicon Valley.

On any given day, Lau-Kee said, she'll spot pictures on Facebook and Instagram shared by friends currently employed by startups. They paint a heady picture of life in California, of snazzy workspaces, hip coworkers and sunshine spilling into every frame.

"A lot of people like the mentality of work and play, which the startups advertise really well," she said. "It's a culture we really want to check out."

Wayne C. Chung, the chair of Carnegie Mellon's industrial design program who taught Edmund, the young star at Pinterest, said the new economics of the profession was evident on college grounds. Traditional design firms, buffeted by the last recession, have noticeably cut back on recruiting, while tech companies have maintained a visible presence on campus, he said.

After this semester, Chung expects another sizeable contingent of his graduates to make their way West to Silicon Valley.

"In their hearts and eyes," Chung said, "they don't see anything else as nearly as exciting.

(Editing by Jonathan Weber and Bernadette Baum)